"""OpenCV preprocessing pipeline for raster-to-vector conversion.

Supports three conversion modes:
- **bw** (default): Full pipeline → binary image for potrace/vtracer.
- **grayscale**: Decode → grayscale → denoise → contrast → 8-bit output for vtracer.
- **color**: Decode → denoise (bilateral on BGR) → full-color output for vtracer.
"""

import cv2
import numpy as np

# Valid conversion modes
VALID_MODES = {"bw", "grayscale", "color"}


def decode_image(raw_bytes: bytes) -> np.ndarray:
    """Decode raw image bytes into a BGR numpy array."""
    buf = np.frombuffer(raw_bytes, dtype=np.uint8)
    img = cv2.imdecode(buf, cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)
    if img is None:
        raise ValueError("Failed to decode image from provided bytes")
    return img


def to_grayscale(img: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
    """Convert BGR image to single-channel grayscale."""
    if len(img.shape) == 2:
        return img
    return cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)


def denoise(
    img: np.ndarray,
    d: int = 9,
    sigma_color: float = 75.0,
    sigma_space: float = 75.0,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Apply bilateral filter for edge-preserving denoising."""
    return cv2.bilateralFilter(img, d, sigma_color, sigma_space)


def enhance_contrast(
    img: np.ndarray,
    clip_limit: float = 2.0,
    tile_grid_size: tuple[int, int] = (8, 8),
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Apply CLAHE contrast enhancement (grayscale only)."""
    clahe = cv2.createCLAHE(clipLimit=clip_limit, tileGridSize=tile_grid_size)
    return clahe.apply(img)


def threshold(
    img: np.ndarray,
    manual_thresh: int | None = None,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Apply thresholding — Otsu auto by default, manual override if provided."""
    if manual_thresh is not None:
        _, result = cv2.threshold(img, manual_thresh, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
    else:
        _, result = cv2.threshold(img, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
    return result


def edge_detect(
    img: np.ndarray,
    low: int = 50,
    high: int = 150,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Apply Canny edge detection."""
    return cv2.Canny(img, low, high)


def morphological_ops(
    img: np.ndarray,
    kernel_size: int = 3,
    dilate_iterations: int = 1,
    erode_iterations: int = 1,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Apply dilation then erosion (closing-style) to clean up binary image."""
    kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (kernel_size, kernel_size))
    result = cv2.dilate(img, kernel, iterations=dilate_iterations)
    result = cv2.erode(result, kernel, iterations=erode_iterations)
    return result


def apply_mask(img: np.ndarray, mask_regions: list[dict]) -> np.ndarray:
    """Zero out rectangular regions of the image.

    Each region is a dict with keys: x, y, width, height (in pixel coordinates).
    Masked areas become white (255) for grayscale/bw or white (255,255,255) for color,
    effectively removing them from vectorization.
    """
    for region in mask_regions:
        x = int(region.get("x", 0))
        y = int(region.get("y", 0))
        w = int(region.get("width", 0))
        h = int(region.get("height", 0))
        if w <= 0 or h <= 0:
            continue
        if img.ndim == 3:
            img[y:y + h, x:x + w] = 255
        else:
            img[y:y + h, x:x + w] = 255
    return img


def preprocess(
    raw_bytes: bytes,
    params: dict | None = None,
) -> np.ndarray:
    """Run the preprocessing pipeline on raw image bytes.

    The pipeline varies by ``conversion_mode``:

    **bw** (default):
        decode → grayscale → denoise → contrast → threshold → [invert] →
        [edge detect] → morphological ops → binary output

    **grayscale**:
        decode → grayscale → denoise → contrast → 8-bit grayscale output

    **color**:
        decode → denoise (bilateral on BGR) → full-color BGR output

    Mask regions (if provided) are applied after decoding, before any
    processing — masked pixels are set to white.

    Params dict keys:
        conversion_mode: 'bw' | 'grayscale' | 'color'
        invert: bool (B&W mode only)
        mask_regions: list of {x, y, width, height} dicts
        denoise_d, denoise_sigma_color, denoise_sigma_space,
        clahe_clip_limit, clahe_tile_grid_size,
        threshold_manual,
        edge_detect (bool), edge_low, edge_high,
        morph_kernel_size, morph_dilate_iterations, morph_erode_iterations
    """
    p = params or {}
    mode = p.get("conversion_mode", "bw")
    if mode not in VALID_MODES:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Invalid conversion_mode '{mode}'. Must be one of: {', '.join(sorted(VALID_MODES))}"
        )

    img = decode_image(raw_bytes)

    # Apply mask regions early — before any color conversion
    mask_regions = p.get("mask_regions")
    if mask_regions:
        img = apply_mask(img, mask_regions)

    # ── Color mode: denoise BGR, return as-is ──
    if mode == "color":
        img = denoise(
            img,
            d=p.get("denoise_d", 9),
            sigma_color=p.get("denoise_sigma_color", 75.0),
            sigma_space=p.get("denoise_sigma_space", 75.0),
        )
        return img

    # ── Grayscale and B&W both start with grayscale conversion ──
    img = to_grayscale(img)

    img = denoise(
        img,
        d=p.get("denoise_d", 9),
        sigma_color=p.get("denoise_sigma_color", 75.0),
        sigma_space=p.get("denoise_sigma_space", 75.0),
    )

    img = enhance_contrast(
        img,
        clip_limit=p.get("clahe_clip_limit", 2.0),
        tile_grid_size=p.get("clahe_tile_grid_size", (8, 8)),
    )

    # ── Grayscale mode: return 8-bit grayscale (no threshold) ──
    if mode == "grayscale":
        return img

    # ── B&W mode: threshold → invert → edge detect → morphological ──
    img = threshold(
        img,
        manual_thresh=p.get("threshold_manual"),
    )

    if p.get("invert", False):
        img = cv2.bitwise_not(img)

    if p.get("edge_detect", False):
        img = edge_detect(
            img,
            low=p.get("edge_low", 50),
            high=p.get("edge_high", 150),
        )

    img = morphological_ops(
        img,
        kernel_size=p.get("morph_kernel_size", 3),
        dilate_iterations=p.get("morph_dilate_iterations", 1),
        erode_iterations=p.get("morph_erode_iterations", 1),
    )

    return img